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A brief history of clothing collections

Headings on this page :

"Tree of Hope" / SOS Clothes Ltd - clothes collection leaflet
Above: a collection leaflet

Introduction

This page is our attempt at compiling a timeline (history) of key events concerning :

We've included :

Key - colour-coding, searching etc of entries on this page:

This is a new and evolving page.  We may have made a few factual errors.  If you notice any, please contact us.

Note - Prosecutions

Originally we included prosecutions in the Timeline below.
However, we've now put them on a separate page, as follows :
- List of prosecutions of charitable house-to-house collectors page

Filtering the list below (a 1-column table)   NEW 

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Timeline

Timeline
1853
The Charity Commission for England and Wales  was established.
#quango
1894
The National Trust   was formed
- a charity covering England, Wales and Northern Ireland
#charity
[ 1914-18 First World War ] #context
1916
Police, Factories, etc (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1916 received Royal Assent.
This included the licensing of [static] street collections carried out by charities (by the police)
#law-act
1933
Polythene (PE) was manufactured for the first time (by ICI in Northwich, England).
Clothing collectors first distributed plastic bags (polythene) around 1990?
1939 1939 (28 July) House-to-house collections :
The House to House Collections Act 1939 received Royal Assent.
This was the first-ever legislation to control charitable house-to-house collections.  The licensing authorities were the police and the Home Office.
#law-act
[ 1939-45 Second World War ] #context
1941
The first charity shop opened in the UK (a Red Cross shop in London) - according to Wikipedia.
#charity
1942 (29 Jan)
House of Commons Debates - Oral answers to questions - question relating to the success of the House to House Collections Act 1939.
See www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1942-01-29a.908.8   **
#parliament #law-act
1947
The House to House Collections Regulations 1947 were approved (under powers contained in the 1939 Act).
#law-regs
1948
The first Oxfam charity shop opened in the UK (in Oxford).
#charity
1952 House-to-house collections :
The House to House Charitable Collections Act (Northern Ireland) 1952 received Royal Assent.
#law-act #ireland
1957
The Consumers Association was formed.  The first 'Which?' magazine was published.
Misleading clothing collections have been featured frequently in the magazine.
#association #consumers #media-mag
1960
The Charities Act 1960 received Royal Assent.
This established the Central Register of Charities (managed by the Charity Commission).
#law-act
1962
The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) was set up.
The ASA has issued adjudications on over 40 "charitable" clothing collection leaflets to date.
#association #consumers
Recycling logo 1962
First-ever episode of 'Steptoe and Son'.  A BBC TV comedy about two rag-and-bone men in London.  They were a poignant example of traditional commercial re-use/recycling - including clothes collected house-to-house.  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steptoe_and_Son  
#collector #recycling #media-broadcast
1970
Tvind was formed - a controversial "sect" based in Denmark.
In the UK, organisations related to Tvind do clothing collections, run clothing banks and operate two charity shops (DAPP).
#collector #charity
[ 1971 (15 Feb) Decimalisation - currency - £sd became £ and pennies ] #context
1972
The Local Government Act 1972 received Royal Assent.
Amongst other things, this Act amended the House to House Collections Act 1939 as follows:
It transferred responsibility (from 1 April 1974) for the licensing of house-to-house collections from the police to local councils (except in Greater London).
(Note:  Also, street collections were transferred.)
#law-act #lg
[ 1977 Launch of the first home computer ] #context
1980
First BBC Watchdog programme:  The first-ever BBC 'Watchdog' programme was broadcast.  Over the years, the programme has been influential in publicising consumer issues (including clothing collections).
#consumers #media-broadcast
[ 1982 The first Compact Discs (CDs) were produced (by Sony/Philips) ] #context
1983
The Institute of Fundraising (IoF) was formed.
Professional body for not-for-profit fundraisers.  A registered charity.
#association
1985
Local Government (Access to Information) Act 1985 received Royal Assent.
An early attempt at Freedom of Information legislation.  See also the Act of 2000.
#law-act #lg
1988
Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulations 1988 (the CMARs) came into force.
A system operated by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT).
Used in 2004 on an unlicensed "charitable" clothing collector (Nicholas Rees) - see below.
#collector #consumers #law-regs
1989 Clothing collections :
50th anniversary of the House to House Collections Act 1939
#law-act
1992
Charities Act 1992 received Royal Assent.
Part III of the Act included provisions for a new licensing regime for charitable collections.  However, the provisions were never implemented.
#law-act
www 1994
Start of the Internet / world wide web.
In due course the Web gave everyone the facility :
(a) to search instantly for information on clothing collections, and
(b) to communicate instantly with email.
Potentially this would have revolutionised the monitoring and enforcement of unlicensed collections.  However, progress so far has been disappointing.`
#web
1997 (approx) Clothing collections :
Clothes Aid established (full name: Clothes Aid (Collections) Ltd)
#collector
1997
Launch of the Daily Mirror investigations column/campaign against scams.
It's currently called "Penman and Sommerlad Investigate".
They've reported on numerous "charitable" clothing collection scams.
#media-newspaper #consumers
[ 1998 (4 Sept) Google formed (company incorporated) ] #context #web
1998 (19 Nov)
Scotland Act 1998 received Royal Assent.
The Act created the Scottish Parliament (devolution).
#law-act
1999
Association of Charity Shops (ACS) established [covers the UK]
#association
2000
Irish Charity Shops Association (ICSA) launched [covers Eire]
#association #ireland
FoI 2000
Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FoIA) received Royal Assent.
#law-act
2001
Review:  The Government started a major review of charity law relating to England and Wales. Ultimately this led to the Charities Act 2006, which made substantial changes to charity law.
#law-act
[ 2001 (11 Sept) "9/11" terrorist attack in New York ] #context
2002 Clothing collections :
"CharityBags" started - www.charitybags.org.uk
#web
2002
The Enterprise Act 2002 received Royal Assent.
This allows trading standards etc to obtain written undertakings from rogue traders - eg clothing collectors?
#law-act #consumers
2002 (20 Nov) Clothing collections :
BBC TV 'Watchdog' investigation of bogus charity clothing collections - eg Gotham
#collector #consumers #media-broadcast
2003 Clothing collections :
Home Office List of National Exemption Orders (NEOs):  CharityBags placed a copy of the List on its website.  This was the first time the List was available on the Internet.
#law-regs #web #central-govt
2003 Clothing collections :
The report entitled 'Charity and door-to-door clothing collections' was published by the Charity Commission.
Recycling logo 2003 (1 May)
Freecycle formed  =The Freecycle Network (TFN) - started in the USA (Arizona).
Aims to divert reusable goods from landfills.
Members give away unwanted goods - for free.  The UK branch is a charity.
#recycling #charity
2003 (10 July)
The Licensing Act 2003 ("LA2003") received Royal Assent.  It applies only to England and Wales.
It deals with the licensing of premises which are used for the supply of alcohol, the provision of regulated entertainment, and the provision of late night refreshment (see Wikipedia).  It's administered by local council licensing departments.

It provides an interesting contrast to the House to House Collections Act 1939.  For example, under the 2003 Act :
  • councils are required to keep registers of licence applications, and
  • a pooled, central (national) register is kept also
#law-act #lg
2003 (Sept) Clothing collections :
Report:  Publication of a crucial report by the Home Office entitled :
'Public Collections for Charitable, Philanthropic and Benevolent Purposes. A consultation paper on proposals for a new local authority licensing scheme.'  A4, 48 pages.
2004
European Union (EU):  Ten countries joined - including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.  This led to a big increase in clothing collections in the UK by Eastern Europeans - especially Lithuanians.
#collector
2005
Scotland - charity regulation - the OSCR:
The Charities and Trustee Investment (Scotland) Act 2005 received Royal Assent.
This established the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR)  
(the Scottish equivalent of the Charity Commission for England and Wales)
#quango #law-act
Office of the Third Sector (OTS) - logo - Crown copyright 2006 (May)
Creation of the "Office of the Third Sector (OTS)":  Transfer of responsibility for charities (including collections) from the Home Office to the Office of the Third Sector - part of the Cabinet Office
#central-govt
2006 House-to-house collections :
The List of charities granted national Exemption Orders (NEOs) was put on the Internet by government for the first time.  The website concerned was that of the Office of the Third Sector (OTS) - part of the Cabinet Office.
(The list comprises the 43 or so charities which have 'national Exemption Orders' in respect of charitable house-to-house collections.)
#web #central-govt
2006 (8 Nov)
The Fraud Act 2006 received Royal Assent.
Gives powers to the police and trading standards.
Can be used against bogus clothing collectors.
#law-act
2006 (8 Nov)
The Charities Act 2006 received Royal Assent.
Part 3, Chapter 1 included provisions for a new licensing regime for charitable collections.  However, these have yet to be implemented (as at Sept 2011). *
#law-act
2006 (Dec) House-to-house collections :
The Oxford community-website www.headington.org.uk began listing "charity" clothes collections which had taken place in their area - with images of some of the leaflets.
#web
2006 (20 Dec)
The 'UK Statute Law Database' (SLD) was launched by the government (OPSI).
'The official revised edition of the primary legislation [Acts] of the United Kingdom made available online.' [free]
At last everyone could refer to revised legislation on the Internet - such as the 1916 and 1939 Acts.
#law-act #web
Recycling logo 2007 (Jan)
WEEE Directive:  The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (the WEEE Directive) came into force.
This affected the donations of electrical equipment - eg to charity shops.
#regulation #law-regs #recycling
2007 (Wed 28 Feb) Clothing collections :
House of Commons debate (Westminster Hall debate) on bogus charity collections.
Led by Jo Swinson MP (East Dunbartonshire, Scotland).
See Charity clothing collections: Parliament and politicians page
#parliament
2007 (Dec) Clothing collections :
Theft of collection bags:  The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) issued new guidance saying that items left for collection by a charity [eg clothes] become the charity’s property as soon as they are put into its bag.  So anyone else taking the bags can be prosecuted for theft [by the police].  Guidance welcomed by charities and Clothes Aid.
2007 (Dec) Clothing collections :
The Government launched a public awareness initiative:
"to help people check whether a clothing collection is for charity or not".
A leaflet was published, entitled "Give with care".  Clothes Aid distributed 500,000 copies.
#central-govt #collector
2007 (Dec) Clothing collections :
http://ClothingCollection.org was launched.  It was an innovative WordPress blog website, started by Donncha O Caoimh in Ireland - "exposing fake clothing collection charities".  Alas, the site was taken down in 2009.
#web #ireland
[ 2008 Start of the Global financial crisis (the credit crunch) ] #context
2008
Mary Portas:  BBC TV broadcast the first series of 'Mary Queen of [charity] shops', presented by Mary Portas (a retail expert).
#charity shops #media-broadcast
2008 (Spring) Clothing collections :
Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, London ('GOSH') terminated its contract with Clothes Aid (its house-to-house clothing collector).
#charity #collector
2008 Clothing collections :
Darlington Borough Council revoked the house-to-house collection licence which it had previously issued to Clothes Aid.
#collector #lg
2008 (26 May)
The Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulations 1988 were repealed.  They were replaced by:
  • The Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 (the CPRs)
  • The Business Protection from Misleading Marketing Regulations 2008 (the BPRs)
See the Regulators page: the section on the Office of Fair Trading - clothing collections
#consumers #law-regs
2008 (Fri 22 Aug) Clothing collections :
BBC Radio 4 "Face the Facts" programme exposing "Planet Aid", Humana and Tvind.
#collector #consumers #media-broadcast
2009 (July) Clothing collections :
Clothes Aid entered into a partnership with the NSPCC charity   (donating £75 per tonne).
#charity #collector
Recycling logo - Mobius loop 2009 (Oct)
A 32-page report entitled "Maximising Reuse and Recycling of UK Clothing and Textiles" was published by Oakdene Hollins Ltd   for the Dept for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA).
In December, they published a more detailed report (126 pages).
#recycling #central-govt
2009 (28 Oct) Clothing collections :
House of Commons debate - on bogus 'charitable' clothing collections.
Contributions from Jeff Ennis, Angela Smith (Minister), Alun Michael.
Oral answers to questions in Parliament.  Praise for the prosecution by Cardiff Council.
#parliament
2009 (15 Nov) Clothing collections :
A crucial article in "The Guardian" newspaper, headed:
"Charities fight over secondhand clothes market
Charities with shops complain about other charities linking up with commercial textile merchants"
On the issue of charity shops versus the "X pounds-per-tonne royalty" collectors.
See the Collections in the media page.
#media-newspaper
2010 Clothing collections :
Clothes Aid published an excellent 8-page A5-sized booklet entitled :
"Help us stamp out charity theft: Working with your local Neighbourhood Watch/Homewatch Group"
You can see the booklet via the website of Boddington Parish Council (Northamptonshire) : www.BoddingtonParish.co.uk/pc_archive/ClothesAid_A5Booklet...FINAL...Version.pdf  
#collector
2010 Clothing collections :
"Air Ambulance Service" (AAS / AASTCo) - 'charity' collection scam.  The story got unprecedented media coverage.  But the regulators seemed reluctant to take action.
See "Air Ambulance Service" (AAS) and AASTC - clothing collections
#collector
 
Top of a misleading collection leaflet from Air Ambulance Service (AAS)
Above: Top of a misleading collection leaflet from AAS
[ 2010 (May) Election - Coalition Government formed ] #context
2010 (May) Clothing collections :
Abolition of the Office of the Third Sector (OTS):
  • The new government abolished the Office of the Third Sector (OTS) (part of the Cabinet Office).
  • The OTS had been responsible for charity issues since 2006, including the issue of national Exemption Orders (NEOs) in relation to house-to-house collections.
  • However, the Cabinet Office will continue to deal with these matters.
#central-govt
2010 (August) Clothing collections :
"Breakthrough Breast Cancer" (charity) - saga of fake collection bags.
The story got national coverage on BBC TV and radio.
Tracey Crouch MP (Chatham and Aylesford, Kent) adopted the issue.
#parliament #charity #collector #media-broadcast
Crowned portcullis logo - Crown copyright - courtesy of wikipedia* 2010 (Sept) Clothing collections :
Tracey Crouch MP asked several questions in Parliament relating to house-to-house 'charity' clothing collections, seeking written answers.  For example:
"To ask the Secretary of State for Justice how many people have been convicted under the House to House Collections Act 1939 for fraudulent collection in each of the last 10 years; and what sentence was given in each case. [14798]"
(Answer given on 13 Sept:  No data available!)
See www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/ cmhansrd/cm100913/text/100913w0006.htm  
#parliament
2010 (7 Oct) Clothing collections :
Publication of "Bogus charity clothing collections"
- a Briefing Paper for MPs, produced by the House of Commons Library - 9 pages.
(It refers to the Association of Charity Shops and www.CharityBags.org.uk.)
#parliament #report
2010 (13 Oct) Clothing collections :
House of Commons debate (Westminster Hall debate) on "Bogus charity bag collections".  Debate instigated by Tracey Crouch MP - following her support for Breakthrough Breast Cancer (charity) - see above.
#parliament
2010 (Oct)
Review of QUANGOs:  The new government announced it will scrap or merge scores of QUANGOs - possibly including Consumer Focus
#quango #consumers
2010 (Autumn)
The Association of Charity Shops (ACS) changed its trading name to Charity Retail Association (CRA)
#association
2010 (26 Oct) Clothing collections :
"Third Sector" magazine   revealed that Oxfam had produced an internal report (in May 2010) on the 10 main problems with house-to-house collections (written by Julian Fifield).  The report concluded that the charity doorstep collection market is saturated.
#charity #media-mag
2010 (28 Oct) Clothing collections :
Torfaen Council (South Wales) refused to issue a collection licence to Intersecond Ltd / Azzara / Do Not Delay.
www.torfaen.gov.uk/.../CouncilMinutes...AndReports.../LicensingPanel/28-10-2010a.pdf  
- This is a fascinating, highly detailed report (a PDF of 28 pages).
The appendices include copies of the application form, correspondence and the company's accounts.
www.SouthWalesArgus.co.uk/news/8484067.Licence_bid_turned_down  
#collector #lg
2010 (14 Dec) Clothing collections :
The controversial collection company Rutex Ltd was struck off (by Companies House) and dissolved.  See Clothing collectors: a selection (A-Z)
#collector #central-govt
2011 (19 Jan) Clothing collections :
The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) upheld a complaint about a leaflet from Air Ambulance Service (Trading Co) Ltd.  The ASA concluded the leaflet was misleading.
See "Air Ambulance Service" page
#collector
2011 (15 April) Clothing collections :
The company called "Air Ambulance Service" changed its name to "St Anthony Repatriation Ltd"
#collector
2011 (April) Clothing collections :
In the Irish Republic, a disagreement between two clothing collectors from Lithuania led to one shooting the other
#collector #ireland
2011 (mid) Clothing collections :
The CIC Regulator launched an investigation into 'Air Ambulance Support CIC'
#central-govt #collector
2011 (14 Sept) Clothing collections :
Charity clothes collections symposium - London
Event hosted by the Fundraising Standards Board and the Institute of Fundraising
2011 (Nov?) Clothing collections :
Plans are afoot to force the company 'Air Ambulance Support CIC' to close down in Nov.`
#collector
 
? 20xx ? Charitable collections :
Proposed implementation of Part 3, Chapter 1 of the Charities Act 2006 in respect of charitable collections.  As at Sept 2011, it seems it's been postponed indefinitely.
#law-act
 

Historic clockface - Biberach (Riss), Germany, Ulmer Tor (wikimedia.org)
Clockface - Biberach (Riss), Germany, Ulmer Tor (courtesy of wikimedia.org)
reflecting the "timeline" theme of this page

 

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